What effects does social media have on an individual - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2571 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Sigmund Freud believed that the psyche, what we call our personality, has three structures: the Id, the ego and the superego. The Id is the structure of personality consisting of our base instincts. It is completely unconscious and has zero contact with reality. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What effects does social media have on an individual" essay for you Create order The ego is the structure that concerns with reality and is considered as the reasoning and decision making part of the personality. Both the Id and the ego have no morality, which is ultimately taken care of by the superego. The invention of social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and others, paved the way for a virtual human interaction cutting across geographic racial, cultural and socioeconomic boundaries. Social media, which was once created to be a way for people to interact with people from all around the world, has turned into an isolation device for humans to interact with. We as a society and as individuals do not realize that what is known as human civilization is now characterized as a civilization living in two worlds: the real world and the virtual world. The world perceived by Freud is much different from the world we live in today. When Freud created this theory, he could not perceive a world with such advancements in technology, especially those having the ability to change a humans mental state. Social media is used to foster communication. Yes, social media sounds great and its fun to use. But what people dont take into consideration when using social networking sites is the negative effects it has on an individual such as: lowering self-esteem, anxiety, depression and the vulnerability to being catfished or cyberbullied. This is a problem that millions of people are facing, but dont even realize that social media is to blame due to their lack of knowledge on the issue. This problem is growing tremendously and needs to be addressed more seriously. Anxiety is the feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome. Depression is a feeling of severe despondency and dejection, both of which if not recognized and treated properly can lead to even more serious problems such as suicidal thoughts or suicide itself. According to Jacob Amedie, social media causes anxiety and depression in two ways: by being constantly alert, and constantly trying to reach perfection. People may not realize it, but as they are sitting there waiting for a new social media message they are forcing their fight or flight limbic system to kick in which causes a release of the stress hormone, cortisol. This may not sound all that bad, but eventually enough of it can cause you to undergo some serious mental changes which could later lead to physical changes. For example, the constant release of the stress hormone cortisol, from heavy social media usage, over time causes damage to your gastrointesti nal tract (gut), which opens the door to an immune-inflammatory response in the body and brain, leading to depression anxiety. When things turn physical, it all of the sudden sounds more serious. Another way that social media causes anxiety and depression, Amedie argues, is through the idea of perfection. The social anxiety of stress is portrayed by trying to project a perfect self at all times. The continuous stress from constantly trying to project an image of perfection? †a perfect career, perfect marriage, perfect life†leads to the release of the exact same hormone, cortisol. This idea of trying to be viewed as perfect leads people to create a false intimacy. Primarily because social media promotes putting up a facade that highlights all the fun, excitement and success we seem to enjoy but tells very little about where we are struggling in our day to day life (Amedie 9). Many would rather embrace this happy illusion of virtual connection rather than share and develop real life relationships. An example showcasing the damage of the false sense of intimacy created by social media is that a friend of mine who goes to the gym often, posted a selfie and it was not received very well on facebook. It started out fine with twenty or so likes, and friendly, encouraging, congratulatory remarks about her getting into shape. But then someone commented negatively on the photo, jeering about her current weight. Other spiteful comments followed, first by Facebook friends she had that I knew about, but then strangers started to insult her appearance as well calling her with ethnic slurs. Eventually she was forced to take the photo down, because the comments were becoming too obscene and could not be ignored any longer. Whether or not social media creates or promotes this issue, people still participate in it partially because they fail to see the dangers in doing so. In a recent study, Joanne Davila and a few of her colleagues conducted an experiment on social networking and depressive symptoms among youth. During the study they came across two related variables: co-rumination and depressive rumination. Co-rumination refers to excessive discussion of problems within friendships, including repeated conversations, conjecture about causes, and heightened focus on negative emotions. Given the frequency that young individuals engage in social networking activities, they are more likely to be involved in co-ruminating. For example, imagine the life of a teenage girl. Social media is the perfect go to medium for these repeated discussions because it allows for the constant rehashing of the conversations over these girls problems, which ultimately causes them to obsess over the problem and prevent them from moving on in life. In the past, girls would write about their problems in journals or confide in peers over the phone. But now social media is the pr imary source for teens to vent current problems in their lives. This is where the issue comes into place. When a teen posts a problem online it is likely to receive both positive and negative feedback and comments, which causes an obsession to develop on this post. Once something is shared online, it can never be taken off; even if the post is erased it can still be taken as a screenshot on another device, leading the sender to further into anxiety and depression. Davila discovered that adolescents involved in co-rumination, are associated with a more immediate and direct negative effect of depression and may encounter more severe symptoms. Depressive rumination refers to passively focusing on symptoms of distress and their possible causes and consequences, leading to a fixation on problems and negative feelings. Davila discovered that individuals who are prone to depressive rumination are more likely to use social networking sites because of their dependent nature and have negative social networking experiences because of their interpersonal problems, and those experiences may be particularly depressogenic because of their tendency to ruminate on them (Davila 2). Besides the fact that social media can cause anxiety and depression, it can also cause other serious problems that are psychologically related. In Online Social Networking and Mental Health, Pantic deals with the affects social media has on the mental health of its users. Pantic states that some scientists have indicated that certain social networking sites activities might be associated with low self-esteem, especially in teens. One of the explanations regarding the negative relationship between social media and self-esteem, is that all social networking platforms where self-presentation is the principal user activity, causes or at least promotes narcissistic behavior. This indicates that individuals with lower self-esteem are more active online in terms of having more self-promotional content on their social media profiles (Pantic 5). For example, the typical Facebook user will every day have multiple visits to his/her own profile page during which he/she will view his/her already posted photographs, biographical data, relationship status, and so on. All of these events, especially in light of similar data obtained from other users profiles, may lead to either a short-term or a long-term reduction in self-esteem. It is probable, however, that the overall impact of social networking sites on self-esteem is much more complex. Constant self-evaluation on an everyday basis, competition and comparing ones own achievements with those of other users, incorrectly perceiving physical, emotional, and social characteristics of others, feeling of jealousy, and narcissistic behavior†these are all factors that may positively or negatively influence self-esteem. Social media is not only capable of shaping or changing a persons personality, but also capable of shaping and changing a persons physical features as well. Kim Harris, a teacher at a Korean school, wrote an article regarding social medias impact on a persons psychological well-being. Harris wrote that social media can shape a persons views and beliefs and the way they see things through adaptation and imitation. Violent content, whether its from an online video game, a live video, or a made-up cartoon, can affect an individual psychologically by encouraging antisocial attitudes and aggressive tendencies among adolescents and adults. Social media exposure is found to be associated with the outcomes of negative self-perception, eating disorders and substance abuse (Harris 3). Looking at the effects of social media on the brain one can see how this has a negative effect on the psychological aspects of ones life. Psychological effects take place due to popular activities online. Cyberbullying is the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature. Paul Malcore stresses that cyberbullying occurs when individuals use technology to write aggressive, embarrassing, or hateful messages to and about peers in order to intimidate, harass, shame, and control them. Malcore states that approximately 80% of teens use a smart-phone regularly, 92% of teens report going online at least once a day, and 56% go online several times a day (Malcore). With social media having such high activity, teens will either witness cyberbullying, be a victim of it, or become a perpetrator. Statistically speaking, 81% of teens state that cyberbullying is easier to get away with than with face-to-face contact. The rest believe that its just entertaining or funny. Many teens also bully because of anger, revenge, or as a way to vent frustrations. Teens hav e also been known to cyberbully because they are bored, have too much time on their hands, or an abundance of tech toys. Cyberbullies may also participate to avoid being bullied themselves. Cyberbullying comes in many different forms. Teens and even adults partake in excluding others from an online group, cyberstalking, gossip, outing/trickery, harassment, impersonation, cyber threats and flaming which is known as fighting online that involves hateful or offensive messages. Cyberbullying is one of the most important and most common forms of social media issue. People dont take into consideration when bullying someone on social media is that cyberbullying often leads to suicide which has in fact increased severely over the years. According to Malcore, cyberbullying victims are 2 to 9 times more likely to commit suicide. Another popular activity on social media is catfishing. This is a trend that is increasing as people are putting more of themselves and their life on social media. Ca tfishing is the act of luring someone into a relationship by means of a fictional online persona. Sue Scheff, a blogger on Huffington Post, wrote an article on catfishing and the issues behind it. Scheff states that catfishing is a trend that is especially popular with predators such as pedophiles, human traffickers and other criminals. Catfishing is an easy method to prey on people, especially those who are uneducated on the problem. A lot of human traffickers use catfishing to entice teens into an industry which holds fake promises of modeling, traveling, becoming famous, and receiving a lot of money (Scheff). Social media is an easily accessible way to indirectly lure children and teens into being kidnapped. In conclusion, cyberbullying and catfishing are two dangerous issues that should be discussed more in depth on ways to resolve this problem. While some people believe that social media only negatively affects an individual psychologically, others seem to believe that social media can also have positive effects on an individuals psyche. When considering the positive effects of social media, it is important to remember that individuals in todays society are hardwired for socialization, and social media makes socializing easy and immediate. Individuals who struggle with social skills, social anxiety, or who dont have easy access to face-to-face socializing with other teens might benefit from connecting with other teens through social media. For example, teens in marginalized groups, including LGBTQ teens and teens struggling with mental health issues, can find support and friendship through the use of social media. When teens connect with small groups of supportive teens via social media, those connections can be the difference between living in isolation and finding support. Although Kim Harriss main focus was on the negati ves, she did however provide a counter argument. In The Impact of Online Social Networking on Adolescent Psychological Well-being, Harris states that certain kinds of media can actually produce positive and pro-social attitudes. Its been proven that social media can even be used to teach problem solving skills. Harris mentions that social media creates learning opportunities, greater access to health promoting information, and ways to socialize. Jacob Amedie focused mainly on the negative effects, but he did mention some positives. Amedie states that social media allows for groups of like-minded people to work together and connect. He expresses that social media also benefits students. Social networking sites help students do significantly better in school by allowing students to connect and interact with one another on assignments through social media platforms. For example, some schools successfully use blogs as teaching tools, which also has the benefit of reinforcing skills in E nglish, grammar, written expression and creativity. Some social media sites have even been known to help raise self-esteem and increase a sense of belongingness. While there are some positives to using social media, the negatives can however, heavily outweigh the positives. Where there is a problem, there must be a solution. The first step in solving this crisis, is to educate individuals on the proper use of social media and the dangers associated with the improper use of sites. Parents should be more responsible with monitoring their childrens social media sites. With the help of parents, cyberbullying and catfishing can be eliminated tremendously. In schools, social media is required to be used by the children for numerous reasons. Instead of only relying on parents to educate their children on the issue, schools should be required to provide social media education classes. Another way to educate people in a much faster way would be public service announcements. All people whether they are children, teenagers or adults, should be educated on the proper use of social media. However, educating people isnt enough; we should also hold social media creators more accountable for the content they allow on their sites. As a last resort, laws could be created to enact, oversight, and enforce penalties on social media abuse. Overall, there isnt much that can be done regarding the use of social media without interfering with the peoples rights as well as those of the corporations. The improper use of social media can have horrifying outcomes that requires our attention. Its a major part of our world today, and will likely become even more so in the future, which is why these issues must be addressed. If these issues remain unsolved the psychological issues people are facing today will only continue to evolve eventually leading to creations of new psychological disorders.

The Metaphysic Of Morals By Immanuel Kant - 1199 Words

Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant: A Reflection and Analysis Author name Name of institution In man’s attempt to figure out what is right or wrong, they have developed a number of systems that purportedly deal with such matters. Immanuel Kant expanded on his moral philosophy in his work, Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals. This paper will be a reflection upon Kantian ethical principles presented therein and their relation to what is generally called morality. People have tried to understand and define morality for thousands of years. It is and has been a complex issue that seems to elude simple answers, but many would agree that morals are principles that distinguish between right and wrong, usually in†¦show more content†¦A categorical imperative is an unqualified command: independent of what one desires, one should to behave in some manner.This differs from a hypothetical imperative, which gives a conditional command: if one desires X, then one should act in a way that helps bring about X. His three formulations of the categorical imperatives are as follows; 1) people should only act in accordance with a dictum that they can also wish to become a universal law, 2) they should act in manner that always treats the whole of humanity never as a mere means, but always as an end, and 3) all are required to act as if he were, by his axioms, responsible for the formulation and enactment of laws in a universal sense. Immanuel Kant’s had a deontological view of ethics, meaning that it gauges the morality of a behavior or an act based on a set of dictates. He believed that for people to behave in a truly moral manner, their act must be derived from a sense of duty. He believed that these duties should be based on â€Å"pure reason† and drew a distinction between perfect (universal and logically coherent) and imperfect duties (situational, yet still based on reason). Kant believed reason to be both a logical and a transcendental. As a logical form, it produces moderated judgements through conceptual abstractions, as a transcendental faculty, it creates hypotheticals and contains a priori perceptions that cannot be justified empirically.He also felt that the only thing that made an action right wasShow MoreRelatedThe Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesof morals in the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant explores the question of wh ether a human being is capable of acting solely out of pure duty and if our actions hold true moral value. In passage 407, page 19, Kant proposes that if one were to look at past experiences, one cannot be certain that his or her rationalization for performing an action that conforms with duty could rest solely on moral grounds. In order to fully explain the core principle of moral theory, Kant distinguishesRead MoreImmanuel Kant - Metaphysics of Morals Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesIn his publication, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant supplies his readers with a thesis that claims morality can be derived from the principle of the categorical imperative. The strongest argument to support his thesis is the difference between actions in accordance with duty and actions in accordance from duty. To setup his thesis, Kant first draws a distinction between empirical and a priori concepts. Empirical concepts are ideas we reach from our experiences in the worldRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Metaphysics Of Morals897 Words   |  4 PagesIn Immanuel Kant’s Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals, Kant argues that one’s duty requires an individual to act against one’s inclinations, wants and desires, in order to achieve a higher moral worth. For Kant, the concept of duty is something that you ought to do despite not wanting to, assuming the duty is possible. A duty contains the concept of good will, or acting on one’s duty, against one’s inclinations, which is how moral worth is achieved. In order for an individual to achieve a higherRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Metaphysics Of Morals2091 Words   |  9 PagesImmanuel Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals The Greeks classified their philosophy into three fields, namely: †¢ Physics †¢ Ethics †¢ Logic All these three fields tend to interrelate in an attempt to describe nature and the life we live in. Physics is also known as the ‘doctrine of nature’ since it attempts to describe almost all the happenings of life (Wood W. Allen). Physics explains phenomenon such as why does the sun come out during the day, why do we see different colors and so on. It is an attempt toRead MoreGrounding For The Metaphysics Of Morals And On Groveling By Immanuel Kant891 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant discusses the second and third translation pieces in â€Å"Key Selections.† In Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals and On Groveling, Kant explains that humans have an animal-like nature. If Kant was charged with the statement, â€Å"Bottom line, humans are nothing more than insignificant creatures with an animal nature,† he would have a mixed response to the charge. Although Kant may not believe that neither humans or animals are insignificant, he would recognize the re lation and similaritiesRead MoreImmanuel Kant Metaphysics of Morals Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesKant argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the Categorical Imperative (CI). Immorality thus involves a violation of the CI and is thereby irrational. This argument was based on his striking doctrine that a rational will must be regarded as autonomous, or free in the sense of being the author of the law that binds it. The fundamental principle of morality Ââ€" the CI Ââ€" is none other than this law of an autonomous will. Thus, at the heart of Kants moralRead MoreA Summary of Groundworks of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant1290 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- Critique of Practical Reason and Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals Summary Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals, published in 1785, is Kant’s first major work in ethics. Like the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, the Groundwork is the short and easy-to-read version of what Kant deals with at greater length and complexity in his Critique. The Critique of Practical Reason, published three years later, contains greater detail than theRead MoreThird Breaking Down His Most Important Philosophies1097 Words   |  5 PagesGroundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 2. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science 3. Critique of Practical Reason 4. Critique of the Power of Judgment 5. Critique of Pure Reason a. Knowledge b. Metaphysics Topic: Critique of Pure Reason In order to understand Kant’s position, we must first understand the philosophical environment that influenced his thinking. There are two major historical movements in the early modern period of philosophy that had a very large impact on Kant: Empiricism andRead MoreComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant David Hume and Immanuel Kant each made a significant break from other theorists in putting forward a morality that doesn’t require a higher being or god, for a man to recognize his moral duty. Although Hume and Kant shared some basic principals they differed on their view of morality. In comparing the different views on human will and the maxims established to determine moral worth by David Hume and Immanuel Kant, I find their theories on morality have someRead MoreImmanuel Kant And The Ford Pinto Case991 Words   |  4 Pages Immanuel Kant and The Ford Pinto Case Immanuel Kant ¶s theory on morals states that  ³nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will. ´ 1 Kant points to other human qualities such as courage, intelligence, wit and others that are  ³undoubtedly good and desirable, ´ 2 however, can become bad if the will of the person using them is not good. Kant maintains that in order for an action to be considered moral, it

Sacsccsac Free Essays

Therefore, speed = length of the tape chosen Time interval for that length You are provided with a runway and a data-logging system with a motion sensor. Describe how you should use the apparatus to conduct an experiment to demonstrate the relationship between the net force and the acceleration of a trolley. You may use additional apparatus if necessary (5M) Adjust the runway for friction compensation (1 M) Pull a trolley down the runway using an elastic thread. We will write a custom essay sample on Sacsccsac or any similar topic only for you Order Now Keep the extension of the elastic thread constant all the way. M) Record the motion ot the trolley wit data-logging system and find the acceleration of the trolley. (1 M) Repeat by pulling he trolley with 2, 3 and 4 identical elastic threads, side by side and extended by the same length as before. (1 M) From the experiment, it is found that the acceleration of the trolley is directly proportional to and in the same direction of the net force. (1 M) It is not preferable to carry an excessive amount of goods on the bicycle when he is riding in the street, why? (3M) The larger the mass, the larger the inertia the bicycle has. 1 M) By newton’s second law of motion, the deceleration of the bicycle would become smaller when John applies the brake. (1 M) As a result, the stopping distance ncreases (1 M) So the chance of having an accident is larger. In supermarkets, bottled drinks are usually stored in refrigerators with shelves inclined at an angle B with the horizontal. Explain why there is such an arrangement. Also state the minimum angle required to achieve the purpose above. Given mass of a bottle ‘M’, friction between a I-kg bottled drink and the inclined shelf is f’. 3M) If the bottled drinks are put on inclined shelves, they would slide down automatically when the first bottle is taken. It is more convenient for customers. (1 M) MgsinB f (f/M9 (1M) Therefore, the least inclination angle is sinA-1 ( f/Mg). In some parts of the world, it is common for people to shoot firearms straight up into the air during celebrations. Falling bullets pose a significant danger to bystanders. As a bullet falls, its velocity increases until it reaches a constant terminal velocity. Explain, in terms of forces acting on the bullet, why this happens. Also, assume the air resistance is bv , derive the terminal kinetic energy of the bullet. (5M) As the bullet falls, its downward weight and the upward air resistance (or friction) are acting on it (1 M) Firstly the bullet accelerates. The air resistance opposing the motion of the bullet increases with its velocity. (1 M) Finally, its weight is balanced by the air resistance at a certain velocity. (1 M) As the net force acting on the bullet is zero, the bullet will continue to fall at this constant velocity which is called terminal velocity. mg = bv) (1M) KE=O. 5mv?2 = 0. 5mA3 g,N2 /bA2 (1M) A basketball player Jumps up such that his height reaches a height of 3m. Using Newton’s laws of motion, explain why the player can gain an initial speed to leave the ground vertically. (3M) The player exerts a force onto the ground when he is about to ump. (1 M) This results an equal normal reaction force from the ground according to Newton’s 3rd law of motion. (1 M) As the normal reaction force is greater than the weight , the player will be forced to accelerate up according to Newton’s 2nd law of motion. 1 M) Chapter 8 What is the advantage ot using the spanner„3z to turn a screw* effort(force) required can be reduced. (2) The efficiency can be increased. X (3) The energy required can be reduced. X For (2) and (3), they are wrong as moment is not related to energy. (Force is perpendicular to the displacement, the work done should be zero. ) Chapter 9 There are two methods of raising the block from the ground to a certain height. (2M) Method 1 : Pulling the block up a inclined plane Method 2 : Lifting the block vertically upwards. Method 1 is better than method 2 in terms of forces as smaller force is needed to raise the block in method 1. (1 M) However, method 1 has a lower efficiency because some energy is lost in overcoming the friction between the block and the plane. (1 M) What are the functions of the counterweight in a lift system? (3M) To reduce the power required to raise the car (1 M) To reduce the load acting on the motor (1 M) To improve the efficiency of the lift (As less energy is lost to overcome the friction between the cable line and the drum) (1 M) Verify the conservation of mechanical energy. Given a simple pendulum, a protractor, a light gate, a ruler. (7M) Set up a simple pendulum, a protractor and a light gate. (1 M) Displace the bob and read the angle B between the string and the vertical from the protractor. (1 M) Start data-logging and release the bob. (1 M) Record the time t taken for the bob to pass through the light gate. Measure the diameter of the bob(this is the distance travelled by the bob while passing the light ate, which is very small so the instantaneous speed of the bob in the lowest position calculated is relatively accurate), and hence estimate the speed v of the bob at the lowest position. 1 M) Use a ruler to measure the length I of the pendulum. Apply the conservation of mechanical energy and calculate the speed v of the bob at the lowest position. (1 M) V = {square root (2gh)} , where h = I(1-cosB) (1 M) Conclusion, the two values of speed calculated is quite close so the law of conservation of energy is proved. How to cite Sacsccsac, Papers

Theory of Contracts with Limited Enforcement †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Theory of Contracts with Limited Enforcement. Answer: Introduction: The issue of this scenario is that whether Emma will be liable for the damage caused to Richard. The issue of this scenario is that whether Richard will be liable to pay 10% extra rent each year to George. The issue of this scenario is that whether Tom will be liable to buy the car from Richard as he had promised. The issue of this scenario is that whether Richard will be liable to for breaching the agreement, which was made with Martin. According to the Law of Torts, negligence refers to a situation where an individual fails to take care over something. Negligence is a tort that is treated as a breach of legal duty to take care of which, it results in damage that is undesired by the defendant to the plaintiff. As observed in the case study of Donoghue v Stevenson, it was established that an individual owe a duty of care to people who are to get affected closely by the actions of that individual (Burke, 2016). Four essentials of negligence, which includes duty to take care, breach of duty, cause of the damage and harm (Ryan, Callaghan Large, 2015). According to law, a promise or agreement is formed under the Contract Act, an agreement is made between two parties when there is an involvement of promise. An agreement is said to be revoked or breached when one party backs out or denies with the elements of the agreement. As per the Contract Act, there can also be a stance of misrepresentation when one person fails to understand the other in a certain case as observed in the case of Paye v Cave. The agreement was based on a promise made between two individuals (Hunter, 2017). However, it was not a contract since there was no offer and acceptance in the promise. As per the Law of Contract, an offer and acceptance are the basic foundations of the formation of a contract. One party makes the offer and the other person accepts based on a consideration, contract is formed. Without the involvement of offer and acceptance, a contract will be considered to be invalid. Consideration and capacity are the two most significant essentials of a contract. This has been observed and analyzed in the matter of Gibson v Manchester City Council. An offer should be unambiguous and clear of the terms upon which the offeror is willing to form the contract and the person to whom the offer is directed to decide to accept (McKendrick, 2014). According to Contract of Law, an agreement or a valid contract is formed based on the offer and acceptance, free consent, legal relationship, lawful objects, lawful consideration, certainty and registration. Therefore, while the contract or agreement is created, these essentials should be present as without these an agreement or a contract will be considered to be invalid. The offer must be stated in clear terms so that the other person can comprehend it (Martimort, Semenov Stole, 2017). Therefore, without the requisites elements, a contract cannot be constituted as observed in the case of Clifton v Palumbo. The scenario in the given case study states that Emma, being negligent provided the wrong brochure and information to Richard on buying shock absorber for off-road driving. Due to the wrong information the jeep of Richard had crashed down by causing a damage of worth $2000 to his body. Emma had conveyed Richard the information over the phone and was looking at the wrong page of the brochure. Therefore, due to negligence of breach of duty to care, Emma will be liable to pay for the damages caused to Richard (Gordon MacKay, 2018). In this scenario, the case study states that George was the leased a premises to Richard for his business for $5000 per month since 2016. The lease made between the parties claimed that the rent will be paid every six months and by every year it will increase by 10%. Richard failed to do so and requested George if he could pay him back later. George agreed but later asked for the extra additional amount of 10% the original rent amount (Solinger et al., 2016). However, there was an agreement of lease between them Richard and George and if Richard fails to pay the amount there would be a breach of contract. In this scenario, Law of Contract can be applied as a contract was formed between Tom and Richard. Tom wanted to purchase a car from Richard and therefore he that was finally agreed and accepted by Richard made an offer. Both of them agreed on the terms and conditions and proceeded with the contract. Thereafter, when Richard arrived with the car and for the money on the decided date, Tom refused to take it. It can be observed that Tom had breached a valid contract and will be liable. In this given case scenario, the study states that Law of Contracts will be applicable as an agreement or contract was formed between Richard and Martin. Role of consideration existed as well which was money and the car. Martin was a well wisher and looked after the car of Richard. He took his permission for borrowing it over a price of $50 per day but was granted for free as he had looked after the car before. Thereafter, when the original day arrives of Martin taking the car, he found out that Richard had already hired it to a customer. Therefore, there was a breach of contract in this scenario. It can be concluded by stating that Emma will be liable for committing negligence due to which Richard had a massive damage and loss. In this scenario, the conclusion states that Richard will be liable to pay the extra amount as it was agreed upon in the lease. It can be concluded saying that Tom will be liable to pay for the damages to Richard as he had breached the contract.Lastly, it can be stated that Richard backed out from the contract and hence will be liable although there was no form of consideration. References: Burke, A. (2016). Risk: Duty of care to prospective beneficiary under a will?: Bedenach v Calvert.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, (27), 74. Gordon, A., MacKay, K. (2018). The element of wrongfulness.Without Prejudice,18(1), 32-33. Hunter, H. (2017). Modern Law of Contracts. Markovits, D. (2015). Theories of the Common Law of Contracts. Martimort, D., Semenov, A., Stole, L. (2017). A theory of contracts with limited enforcement.The Review of Economic Studies,84(2), 816-852. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Ryan, C. J., Callaghan, S., Large, M. (2015). The importance of least restrictive care: the clinical implications of a recent High Court decision on negligence.Australasian Psychiatry,23(4), 415-417. Solinger, O. N., Hofmans, J., Bal, P. M., Jansen, P. G. (2016). Bouncing back from psychological contract breach: How commitment recovers over time.Journal of Organizational Behavior,37(4), 494-514.